The IFOAM NORMS
for Organic Production
and Processing
Version 2014
NORMS 2014
Includes:
Comon Objectives and Requirements of Organic
Standards (COROS) – IFOAM Standards Requirements
The IFOAM Standard for Organic
Production and Processing
IFOAM Accreditation Requirements for Bodies
Certifying Organic Production and Processing
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,"#*-./('0#%0*+1+)%2+!........................................................................................................................!33!
2.1! Ecosystem!Management!.......................................................................................................................................!33!
2.2! Soil!and!Water!Conservation!...............................................................................................................................!33!
2.3!! Inappropriate!technolog ies!................................................................................................................................!34!
2.4! !Wild!Harvested!Products!and!Common/Public!Land!Management!.................................................!35!
3"#.%(%-/4#-%56'-%2%()+#&*-#0-*7#7-*$60)'*(#/($#/('2/4#86+9/($-1!........!35!
3.1!! Split!Production!and!Parallel!Production!.....................................................................................................!35!
3.2!! Maintenance!of!Organic!Management!...........................................................................................................!36!
:#"#0-*7#7-*$60)'*(!..............................................................................................................................!36!
4.1!! Choice!of!Crops!and!Varieties!and!propagation!of!planting!materials!............................................!36!
4.2!! Conversion!Period!(Plant!Prod u ctio n)!..........................................................................................................!37!
4.3!! Diversity!in!Crop!Production!.............................................................................................................................!38!
4.4!! Soil!Fertility!and!Fertilization!............................................................................................................................!39!
4.5!! Pest,!Disease!and!Weed!Management!............................................................................................................!40!
4.6! !Avoiding!Contamination!......................................................................................................................................!42!
4.7! Protected!cropping!................................ ................................................................................................ ..................!42!
4.8!! Breeding!of!organic!varieties!.............................................................................................................................!43!
;#"#/('2/4#86+9/($-1!..........................................................................................................................!44!
5.1!! Animal!Management!..............................................................................................................................................!44!
5.2!! Animal!Origin!and!Conversion!Period!...........................................................................................................!46!
5.3!! Breeds!and!Breeding!................................ ................................................................ .............................................!47!
5.4! !Mutilations!.................................................................................................................................................................!47!
5.5! !Animal!Nutrition!.....................................................................................................................................................!48!
5.6!! Veterinary!Medicine!..............................................................................................................................................!49!
5.7!! Transport!and!Slaughter!......................................................................................................................................!51!
5.8!! Bee!Keeping!...............................................................................................................................................................!52!
<#"#/56/064)6-%#7-*$60)'*(#+)/($/-$+!................................................................................!53!
6.1! !Conversion!to!Organic!Aquaculture!................................................................................................................!53!
6.2!! Aquatic!Ecosystems!...............................................................................................................................................!54!
6.3!! Aquatic!Plants!...........................................................................................................................................................!54!
6.4!! Breeds!and!Breeding!................................ ................................................................ .............................................!55!
6.5!! Aquatic!Animal!Nutrition!....................................................................................................................................!55!
6.6!! Aquatic!Animal!Health!and!Welfare!................................................................................................................!56!
6.7!! Aquatic!Animal!Transport!and!Slaughter!.....................................................................................................!57!
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7.1!! General!.........................................................................................................................................................................!57!
7.2!! Ingredients!.................................................................................................................................................................!58!
7.3!! Processing!Methods!................................ ................................................................ ...............................................!59!
7.4!! Pest!and!Disease!Control!.....................................................................................................................................!60!
7.5!! Packaging!................................ ................................................................ ....................................................................!61!
7.6!! Cleaning,!Disinfecting,!and!Sanitizing!of!Processing!Facilities!............................................................!61!
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8.1!! General!.........................................................................................................................................................................!62!
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!
The$following$definitions$apply$within$the$context$of$these$requirements:!
!
Acceptance( of( other( product( certification:" The" procedure" by" which" a" certification"
body% accepts% the% certification% of% a% product% by% another% certification% body,% thereby%
enabling(the(use(of,(or(further(processing(by,(the(certification(body’s(own(operators.!
!
Accreditation:"Procedure"by"which"an"authoritative"body"gives"a"formal"recognition"
that$a$body$is$competent$to$carry$out$specific$tasks.!
!
Appeal:"Request"by"an" operator'for'reconsideration'of' any'adverse'decisions'made'
by#the#certification#body#related#to#its#desired#certification#status.!
!
Certificate)of)Conformity:"Document"issued"by"a"certification"body,"declaring"that" an "
operation)is)in)conformity)with)the)organic%production%or%processing%standards.%!
!
Certification:, The$procedure$by$which$an$operator$or$a$group$of$operators$receives$
written' and' reliably' endorsed' assurance' that' a' clearly' identified' process' has' been'
methodically, applied, in, order, to, assess, that, the" o p erator" is" producing" specified"
products) according) to) specific) requirements) or) standards.) In# the# context# of# the#
IFOAM& Accreditation& Requirements,& “certification”& is& to& be& understood& as& “third&
party&certification”.&
!
Certification+Body:"The"body"that"conducts(certification.!
!
Certification+ Mark:" A" certification" body’s" sign," symbol" or" logo" which" identifies"
product(s)+ as+ being+ certified+ to+ the+ requirements+ of+ a+ program+ operated+ by+ that+
certification*body.!
!
Certification+ Program:" A" system" with " defined" requirements,) procedures) and )
management' operated' by' a' certification' body' for' carrying' out' certification' of'
conformity*to*a*particular*standard.!
!
Certification+ Scope:"The" parameters"defining"the" certification"granted"including"the"
process,( product( or( product( types$ certified,$ the$ applicable$ standards,$ and$
certification*program.!
!
Chain& of& Custody:" The" channel" through" which" products" are" distributed" from" their"
origin&to&their&end& use,&including& primary&production,&processing,& handling,& storing,&
trading,)and)transportation&stages.!
!
!
88!
Complaint:" An" objection" to" the" policies," p rocedures" or" performance" of" the"
certification*body.*A*complaint*may*also*be*an*objection*concerning*the*compliance*
of#a#certified#party#lodged#with#the#certification#body#by#a#third#party.!
!
Conflict! of# Interest:" A" set" of" circumstances" that" creates" a" risk" that" professional"
judgment)or)action)regarding)certification)will)be)unduly)influenced)by)a) secondary)
interest.(!
!
Consultancy:! Services( or( advice( customized( to( a( particular( operator’s( -)_#)':! &+!
B-*)-!:B!/@(&)I)!@B.H%&/+@)!Q&:(!@)-:&G&@/:&B+!-)_#&-).)+:'6!
!
Conversion)Period:"The"time"between"the"start"of"the"organic"management"and"the"
certification*of*crops*and/or*animal*husbandry*as*organic.!
!
Corrective) actions:! Improvements+to+an+organization’s+processes# taken# to# eliminate#
causes&of&nonFconformities+or+other+undesirable+situations.!
!
Evaluation:" Systematic" assessment" based" on" all" relevant" information" obtained" in"
order%to%make%the%certification%decision.%!
!
Exception:"Permission"granted"to"an"operator"by"a"certification"body"to"be"excluded"
from%the%need%to%comply%with%requirements.%!
!
Genetic' Engineering:" A" set" of" techniques" from" molecular" biology" (such" as"
recombinant+DNA)+by+which+the+genetic+material+of+plants,+animals,$microorganisms,$
cells%and%other%biological%units%are%altered%in%ways%or%with%results%that%could%not%be%
obtained)by)methods)of)natural)mating)and)reproduction)or)natural)recombination.)!
Techniques*of*genetic*engineering*include,*but*are*not*limited*to:*recombinant+DNA,+!
cell$ fusion,$ micro$ and$ macro$ injection,$ encapsulation.$ Genetically$ engineered$
organisms)do) not)include)organisms)resulting)from)techniques)such)as) conjugation,)
transduction+and+natural+hybridization.!
!
Genetically* Modified* Organism* (GMO):! A" plant," animal," or" microbe" that" is"
transformed+by+genetic+engineering.!
!
Input/Output( Reconciliation:" An" audit" that" assesses" the" output" of" organic" product"
against'the'supply'of'ingredients'or'in'the'case'of'trading'operations,'the'volume'of'
sales%against%the#volume#of#purchases.#!
!
Inspection:" An" onFsite% visit% to% verify% that% the% performance% of% an% operation% is% in%
accordance(with(the(requirements.!
!
Inspection*Body:!An#organization!that$performs$inspection$services.!
!
!
89!
Inspector:"A"person"qualified"to"perform"the!inspection)of)an)operation.!
!
Internal( Audit:" A" systematic"periodic" review"an d" assessment" of" the" objectives" and"
performance*of*a*program*that*is*undertaken*by*the*certification*body*itself.!
!
Internal(Control(System:"Part"of"a"documented"qual ity"assurance"system&that&allows&
the$external$certification$body$to$delegate$th e$annual$inspection$of$individual$group$
members&to&an&identified&body/unit&within&the&certified&operation.!
!
License:" An" agreement" or" contract" that"grants"a" certified" operator" the" right"to"use"
certificates) or) certification) marks) in) accordance) with) the) requirements) of) that)
program.!
!
Multiple( Certification:" Certification" of" an" operation" by" more" than" one" certification"
body.&!
!
NonXConformity:! An# instance# where# a# particular# standard# or# requirement# is! not$
being&met.!
!
Operator:" An" individual," organization," or" business" enterprise," responsible" for"
ensuring(that(production(meets,(and(continues(to(meet,(the(requirements(on(which(
the$certification$is$based.!
&
Parallel& Production:" Any" production" where" the" same! unit% is% growing,% breeding,%
handling(or(processing(the!same%products%in%an%organic%system%and%in%a%nonForganic(
system.' A' situation' with' “organic”' and' “in' conversion”' production' of' the' same'
product(is( also( parallel( production.( Parallel(production( is( a( special# instance# of# split#
production.!
!
Precedent:" A" certification" decision" concerning" a" new" situation" or" set" of"
circumstances+that+may+serve+to+guide+future+decisions.!
!
Preventive(actions:!Proactive*improvements*to*an*organization’s*processes*taken*to*
eliminate!causes&of&potential&nonFconformities+or+other+undesirable+situations.!
!
Production/Sales0Reconciliation:"An"audit"that"assesses"the"sales"of"organic"product"
against'the'production'volume.'!
!
Quality( System:" Documented" procedures" that! are$ established,$ implemented,& and&
periodically+audited+to+assure+that+production,+handling,+management,+certification,+
accreditation* and* other* systems* meet* specified* requirements* and* ou tcomes* by*
following(standardized(protocols.!
!
ReXinspection:* external( inspection( of( individual( group& members& carried& out& by& the&
!
90!
certification*body*inspector*in*the*context*of*group*certification.!
!
Sanctions:" Measures" taken" against" operators" who" have" failed" to" comply" with" the"
standards'or'other'requirements'of'the'certification'body.!
!
Split& Production:" Where" only" part" of" the" farm" or" processing" unit" is" organic." The"
remainder( of( the( property' can' be' (a)' nonForganic;) or! (b)$ in$ conversion.$ Also$ see$
parallel&production.!
&
Standard:!Norm%that%specifies%how%a%product%should%be%produced%and%processed.%For%
the$ purposes' of' this' document' a' standard' is' used' to' define' organic' production'
practices.!
!
Subcontracted,Production,or,Processing:"The"uti li zation"by"the"certified"operator"of"
third&parties&for&performing&specific&production&or&processing&tasks&on&behal f&of&that!
operator.!
!
Surveillance:" Ongoing% monitoring% of% an% operator’s% compliance% with% standards% and%
certification*requirements.!
!
Trace&Back&Audit:"Verification!that$a$product$or$its$ingredients$can$be$tracked#to#the#
original(suppliers.(!
!
Transaction* Certificate:"Document)issued)by)a)certification)body)or)by)the)operator,)
declaring*that*a*specified*lot*or*consignment*of*goods*is*certified.!
!
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! Guidance:! A" structure" where" members" are" chosen" to" provide" a" balance" of"
diverse'stakeholder'interests'and'where'no'single'interest'predominates'shall'
be#deemed#to#satis fy#this#provision.#Such#diversity#shall#include#that#at#least#
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operator' fees,! incurring' significant' costs' such' as' inspections' that' are' not'
readily(reimbursed,(and(a(fee(structure/function+that+results+in+high+ l everage+
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98!
& Guidance:! The$ certification$ body$ is$ not$ obliged$ to$ ha ve$ a$ system$ for$
inspection) of) products) that) are) further) handled) after) being" packed" in" the"
final&consumer&package.&For& certified&product& not&in& its& final&packaging&the&
certification*body’s*responsibility*shall*extend$to$the$point$where$the$product$
is# sold# to# an# operator# certified# by# a# different# entity.# The# certification# body#
shall%take%action%where%there%is%reason%to%believe%that%the%certification%body’s%
own$standards$have$been$or$may$be$violated$in$later$handling$stages.'#
!
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99!
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! Guidance:! The$ contract$ between$ the$ certification$ body$ and$ the$ operator$
shall% specify% the% liability% with! respect' to' sanctions,' unless' this' is' already'
stated&in&the&general&sanctions&policies.#
!
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'#$@B+:-/@:)*!H/-:0!$&+*'!&:')%G!*&-)@:%0!:B!:()!@)-:&G&@/:&B+!$B*06&
! Guidance:! Where% the% certification% body% chooses% not% to% have% a% direct%
contract' with' the' subcontracted' party' it' shall ' ensure' that' the' contract'
between& the& operator& and! subcontracted, party, legally, binds, the,
subcontracted,party,to,the,certification,body,and,the,specified,requirements.,
This% shall% mean% that% the! certification* body* shall* obtain* the! contracts(
between&the&operator&and&the&subcontractor&in&order&to&verify&these&points.(#
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# Guidance:!The$certification$body$will$make$the$determination$o f$ whether$a$
nonIconformity*of*the*regulations* is* minor.* Minor*nonIconformities+do+not,+
by# themselves,# preclude# the# certification# or# continued# certification# of# an#
otherwise)qualified)organic)operator.)The!certification*body*would*be*free*to*
modify'the'time'period'for'correction'should'it'believe'it'to'be'appropriate.#
#
# Typically,) minor) nonIconformities+ result+ from+ shortcomings+ in+ record+
keeping.( A( minor( nonIconformity* may* be* considered* to* be* a* major* nonI
conformity*if*it*is*not*addressed*within*a*year*of*being*identified.*#
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# Guidance:! This% may% include% immediate% withdrawal% by% the% inspector% as% a n%
emergency( measure" especially" where" fraud" is" suspected" or" where" this" is"
required' by' law,' provided' this' is' ratified' by' the' certification' body' at' the'
earliest(possibility.#
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The$ certification$ body$ shall$ ensure$ that$ operators$ are$ aware$ of$ these$
requirements.+!
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a,S,<& i()-)! /! @)-:&G&@/:&B+! $B*0! &''#)'! %&':'! B-! &+! /+0! B:()-! Q/0! /HH-BI)'! $-/+*!
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Q&:(!:()!@)-:&G&@/:&B+!$B*0b'!':/+*/-*'g!
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-)_#&-).)+:'! GB-! :()! ./+ #G/@:#-)-! :B! -)HB-:! @(/+9)'! &+!
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Guidance:! The$ statement$ shall$ include$ the$ limitations$ of$ the$
approval' I! for$ example,$ that$ it$ does$ not$ imply$ effectiveness$ of$ the$
product.#
!
a,S,S& i()-)! /! @)-:&G&@/:&B+! $B*0! &''#)'! @)-:&G&@/:)'! B-! /%%BQ'! :()! #')! BG! &:'!
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:B! *a! /$BI)8! :()! @)-:&G&@/:&B+! $B*0! '(/%%! *B@#.)+:! :()! &+'H)@:&B+! /+*!
@)-:&G&@/:&B+!H-B@)*#-)'6!R(&'!'(/%%!@%)/-%0!&+*&@/:)]&
/6! /G:)-!:()! &+&:&/%! &+'H)@:&B+8!:()!&+'H)@:&B+! G-)_#)+@0!Q(&@(!./0! $)!
%)''!:(/+!/++#/%!$#:!+B!%)''!:(/+!B+@)!)I)-0!O!0)/-'g!!
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@)-:&G&@/:&B+!*)@&'&B+6!!
# Guidance:! The$ inspection$ s hall $ verify$ compliance$ with$ relevant$
standards' such' as' those' related' to' separation' of' product' and'
pollution(resulting(from(the(process(and(contamination.#
1+!@/')'!Q()-)!:()!H-B*#@:!&'!+B:!/!@)-:&G&)*!/9-&@#%:#-/%!B-9/+&@!H-B*#@:8!:()!
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#
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121!
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*
!
8.3.1* General*
!
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:()!/HH%&@/$%)!':/+*/-*`'a6!R()!HB%&@0!/+*!H-B@)*#-)'!'(/%%!/:!%)/':!@B.H%0!
Q&:(!:()!GB%%BQ&+9!-)_#&-).)+:'6&
!
a,Y,<,S& R()!@)-:&G&@/:&B+!$B*0!'(/%%!(/I)!/!Q-&::)+!@B+:-/@:!Q&:(!:( )!./+/9).)+:!
BG!:()!9-B#H!'H)@&G0&+9!:()!-)'HB+'&$ &% &:& )'!BG!:()!9-B#H!/+*!BG!:()!&+:)-+/%!
@B+:-B%! '0':).6! R()! @)-:&G& @/:&B+ ! $B*0! '(/%%! )+'#-)! :(/:! :()! 9-B#H! &'!
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!
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#H*/:)*!$0!:()!9-B#H!./+/9).)+:,&
# Guidance:! The$ form$ shall$ include$ identification,$ name,$ location! (at$ least$
on# an# area# map),# year# of# entrance# into# the# certification# system,# date# of#
last%internal%and%external%inspection,%number%of%hectares,%cash%crops,%and%
yield&estimates;&in&the&case&of&processor&type&of&processing.#
# #
#
8.3.2* Scope*
!
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.).$)-'! Q&:(! H-B*#@:&B+! ':/+*/-*'! &+! /+! B$^)@:&I)! /+*! :-/+'H/-)+:!
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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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9-B#H!&'!%/-9)!)+B#9(!:B!'/:&'G0!:()')!G/@:B-'6
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122!
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8.3.3* Requirements+for+Groups*
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!
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W_#T`K#RLTKMLNO#\WLTMWO#UYUTKS"#
#
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:()!&+:)-+/%!@B+:-B%!'0':).!/:!%)/':!/++#/%%06!
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!
a,Y,Y,_! R()! 9-B#H! '(/%%! )+'#-)! :(/:! /%%! .).$)-'! /-)! /Q/-)! BG! @B+')_#)+@)'! BG!
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!
a,Y,Y,`& R()!9-B#H!'(/%%!/:!%)/':!@B.H%0!Q&:( !:()!GB% %B Q&+9!-)_#& -).)+:']#
/6 there% are% competent% personnel% implementing% the% internal% control%
system;!
$6 the$personnel$is$provided$with$regular$training;!
@6 the$ group$ has$a$mechanism$ to$address$ potential$ and$actual$conflicts$
of#interests.!
d.! the$core$documentation+is+complete,+which+includes:!
! !! appropriate(maps/sketches,!
! !! a"complete"list"of"group"members,!
! !! farm/field*or*processing*records,!
! !! signed'member'agreements,!
! !! yield&estimates;!
e.! the$internal$inspection$protocol$is$described$and$implemented;!
f.! a"monitored"and"documented"conversion"period"is"in"place;!
g.! a" mechanism" to" enforce' corrective' actions' by' group' members,' and'
remove& nonFcompliant*group*members*from* the*list! as# well# as# nonF
!
123!
conforming)product)from)the)supply)stream,!is#in#place#and!executed;!
h.#! Group&management&shall&have&a&description&of&the&product&flow&and&
full$records$at$each$step,$including$any$nonFcompliant*products;!
i.! there% are% procedures% to% accept% new% members,% ensuring% that%
acceptance'happens'only'after'internal'inspections;!
j.! decision(making(is(separate(from(internal!inspections;!
k.! ris k%assessment%is%conducted!and$acted$upon$accordingly.!
#
!
!
8.3.4* Requirements+for+the+Certification+Body+and+the+External+
Inspection*&
!
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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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# Guidance:! The$ IFOAM$ Accreditation$ Program$ accepts$ the$ Square$ root$
ap!"#$%&'()&*%&(*+(,$+-.(#/($(+*0!1-(2#"031$(456789:(;&-(2#11#)*/<(=$,1-(
is#derived# f rom#this#approach.#Note#that#these#are#minimum#number#of#reI
inspections.* Additional* reIinspections) may) be) added) and) shall) be) added)
when%necessary.#
!
MINIMUM%AMOUNT%OF%GROWERS!TO#BE#REFINSPECT E D )BY)EXTER N A L )IN S P EC TORS!
Number'of'group'
members#
Normal'#
risk%factor%1#
Medium'risk#
Risk%factor%1,2#
High%risk#
Risk%factor%1,4#
Minimum!
10!
12!
14!
50#
10!
12!
14!
100#
10!
12!
14!
200#
14!
17!
20!
500#
22!
27!
31!
1000#
32!
38!
44!
2000#
45!
54!
63!
5000#
71!
85!
99!
!
Certification+bodies+shall+have+written+rationale+for+other+approaches+to+calculating+
reIinspection)rate.#
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# Guidance:! This% section% establishes% the% criteria% for% the% acceptance% of%
products) certified) under) other) programs) to) be) used) as) ingredients) for)
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IFOAM&Global&Organic&System&Accreditation&Program.&Requirements&in&this&
chapter( apply( to( any( products( certified( including( food( and( feed.( These%
requirements* may* also* be* applicable* where* a* certification* body* operates*
more% than% one% organic% certification% program% according% to% dif ferent%
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